By Ed Dove
Africaââ¬â¢s participation at the 2014 World Cup has come to an end and now, with the inevitability of German qualification for the quarter-finals, comes dissection of the continentââ¬â¢s performance and prognoses for its future.
The fallout has been met with pseudo-righteous indignation, with many questioning the merits of considering the performance of Africaââ¬â¢s teams as a whole. ââ¬ÅSurely,â⬠they say, ââ¬Åthereââ¬â¢s nothing to be learned from generalising about the performances of the five representatives.ââ¬
Itââ¬â¢s a common theme.
ââ¬ÅWhy should France just belong to the French but South Africa, Algeria and Ghana belong to Africa as a whole?ââ¬
ââ¬ÅWhy should the indignities of Cameroon or Ghana reflect upon their brothers in West Africa or Central Africa, or indeed any Africa?ââ¬
ââ¬ÅYou solve the problems of countries on a country-level, not a continental one.ââ¬
Now, I donââ¬â¢t condone the kind of inane, mindless writing of the likes of Kurtis Larson, who, with the Toronto Sun, produces lines like: ââ¬ÅThis [CAF] is a federation full of cry babies, selfishness and alleged cheats.â⬠However, there is merit to considering the performances of CAFââ¬â¢s World Cup teams as a whole, spotting trends and discussing the broader patterns and direction of the continentââ¬â¢s game.
First of all, trend-spotting is an important tool in opening a discussion and finding a point of solid land, or a bench mark, from which to launch debate or analysis. Those that say that the footballing community only generalise about African football and the continentââ¬â¢s game are widely misguided.
This is not a purely African phenomenon. Itââ¬â¢s perfectly valid to talk about ââ¬Åthe decline of Premier League teams in Europeâ⬠for example, or the ââ¬ÅPost-Independence Prosperity of Eastern European national sidesâ⬠because we are assessing grouped individuals on the basis of their common factors relative either to the writer/analyst or the others that constitute the pool.
The broad trend shows that English teamsââ¬â¢ performance in the Champions League has declined since the middle of the last decade. This can be true without denying Chelsea their 2012 victory and doesnââ¬â¢t assume that the Premier Leagueââ¬â¢s representatives have declined for the same reason.
Similarly, trends can be drawn for the Balkan states because of their shared characteristics and, particularly, the way their independence and thus emergence into the European community came about along concurrent pathways.
The blog Africa is a Country, one of this writerââ¬â¢s personal favourites, has based its identity and forged its mission on the lazy, uninformed images and perceptions of Africa spewed out by the Western media. Africa is not a country, of course, but itââ¬â¢s worrying how many people treat it as one, as a simple one-dimensional homogenous entity. Itââ¬â¢s an idea critiqued in Binyavanga Wainanaââ¬â¢s satire-saturated ââ¬ËHow to write about Africaââ¬â¢.
Those who criticise trend spotting and the African game are buying wholeheartedly into this half of the argumentâ⬦theyââ¬â¢ve forgotten to read the disclaimer, howeverâ⬦
There is another side to Africa is a Country. This blog that battles to ââ¬Ådestabilize received wisdomâ⬠acknowledges that the ââ¬Ånationââ¬, in this case the ââ¬ËNation of Africaââ¬â¢, ââ¬Åoperates outside the borders of modern nation states in Africa and its continental and conceptual boundaries.ââ¬
It is a concept that comes from Benedict Andersonââ¬â¢s top drawer; Africa exists as an imagined community ââ¬Åwhose ââ¬Ëcitizensââ¬â¢ must reinvent the narrative and visual economy of Africa.ââ¬
There is an Africa to be assessed and to be considered and to be evaluated as a whole, in its entirety, and it is possible to do this (and to draw valuable conclusions) without resorting to generalisations and sweeping statements.
With regards to the question of ââ¬Ëownershipââ¬â¢, when prominent figures within the African game such as Asamoah Gyan are actively enforcing the notion that they are ââ¬Åplaying for Africaââ¬, yet their European counterparts are not, there is clearly a reason for it. Is Gyan, like Farai Sevenzo, not simply buying into the idea of an African nation, an African imagined community, beyond the delineated boundaries of country?
Yes, itââ¬â¢s a bad idea to blindly and lazily repeat the tired old stereotypes about African football, but to use, for example, the performances of the continentââ¬â¢s World Cup five as a starting point to discuss the problems that affect many of the teams within CAF is not.
The fact is that while there are great contrasts and variants within Africa and within CAF, the federation still exists and operates as an entity. Africaââ¬â¢s teams all have, at the very least, geography and footballing federation in common (this is not the case for two other FIFA federations).
The fact they exist within one federation means that it is at least worthwhile to identify the qualities and weaknesses of that federation and its collective body.
But there is more than that. African nations (and by extension, their national teams) have largely ââ¬Ëcome into beingââ¬â¢ along similar lines. They almost all have a multitude of shared experiences, namely things like political influence within sports, presidential manipulation of the game, proximity between government and federation, a relationship with a metropole, a ââ¬Ëperceptionââ¬â¢ to contend with, imbalances between the relative statuses of squad players, a lack of trust between administrators and players, the constant vacillation between local coaches and foreign coaches.
I could go on.
These issues affect federations across the continent. Considering the trends, considering the broad characteristics is a way into the discussion, a route into the problem and a starting point, hopefully, to try and understand how the continentââ¬â¢s teams, as a collective, can improve their collective performance.
The fact that people like Larson, and he is not alone, are choosing to resort to stereotypes and lazy observations to represent the continentââ¬â¢s game is obviously not ideal, but the fact that Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria and others are giving people reason to do so is something to be acknowledged as an issue enough. It is a problem significant enough that it affects some of the continentââ¬â¢s most prominent sides and therefore must be addressed.
The fine line between stereotyping and making broad observations of the continent can be achieved by acknowledging context, caveats, cases and caution.
When considering any example, recognise that there is a context, perhaps temporal, perhaps unavoidable, perhaps regional, that affects the narrative and ought to inform the way that African teams are understood.
Similarly, seek the caveats that explain and quantify what is being witnessed. People were quick to condemn Nigeriaââ¬â¢s players for skipping training having not being paid, for example, but when one considers the caveat that manager Stephen Keshi was waiting on his wages for seven months, things are seen in a different light.
The third ââ¬Ëcââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëcasesââ¬â¢, overlaps with the previous two slightly, but simply means to judge each example in its own right, considering context, caveats, causes together.
Ghanaââ¬â¢s controversies and Cameroonââ¬â¢s controversies may look similar at face value, and indeed, perhaps there is common ground between the two (itââ¬â¢s not a pure coincidence that such a high proportion of the teams that created off-field controversy in Brazil were African), but each have their own different reasons, explanations and principal actors.
Larson seems to suggest that equal effects must mean equal causesâ⬔this is not the case at all.
Finally, exhibit caution in making sweeping statements or broad generalisations. For example, between 1986 and 2014, 19 CONCACAF teams entered the World Cup, 10 escaped from the group stage. By the same token, during that same time span 28 African teams entered the competition, only seven advanced to the knockout stages.
This is a true fact; it is a valid trend to observe and a pattern to recognise. It shows that African teams have escaped the group stage much less often than their Central American and Caribbean counterparts. Without understanding the context, caveats and causes, however, thereââ¬â¢s little more that can be taken from this fact at face value, beyond it being an ideal starting point for a debate.
ââ¬ÅAfrica is doomedââ¬, as Wainaina once wroteâ⬦he didnââ¬â¢t mean it either!